last week

4. 13


Last week
-social networks as science
-social networks as technology
-social networks as popular culture
-social networks as art


a short history of artificial intelligence in software
–GPS planning as a technical problem (1957)
separated its knowledge of problems from its strategy of how to solve problems : not real-world problems : Soar
GPS as a “solution”: The General Problem Solver by Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, and Clifford
story generation as a planning problem (1976)
-TALESPIN as a “solution”
story understanding as a plan recognition problem (1977)
-FRUMP (Fast Reading, Understanding, and Memory Program) as a “solution”
question answering as a problem
-ELIZA as a “solution”
demo of ELIZA


Alan Turing
-Founder of computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker, and a gay man


Turing’s “imitation game”
“The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call the ‘imitation game.’ It is played with three people, a man, a woman, and an interrogator who may be of either sex. The interrogator stays in a room apart from the other two. The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine which of the other two is the man and which is the woman.”
“It is [the man's] object in the game to try and cause [the interrogator] to make the wrong identification.”
“The object of the game for [the woman] is to help the interrogator.”


artificial intelligence: a definition


artificial intelligence: research areas
Knowledge Representation
Programming Languages
Natural Language (e.g., Story) Understanding
speech Understanding
vision
robotics
Machine Learning
Planning


planning as a technical problem


a problem with ai planning
-“frame problem (our physical symbol system broke the law of representation in a situation


story generation as planning
–James Meehan, "The Metanovel: Writing Stories by Computer", Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1976.


problems with story generation: missing common sense
–Answers to questions can take more than one form.
–Don’t always take answers literally.
–You can notice things without being told about them.
–Stories aren’t really stories if they don’t have a central problem.
–Sometimes enough is enough.
–Schizophrenia can be dis-functional.


story understanding as a plan recognition problem


story understanding as plan recognition