05. 23
surveillance
- close watch kept over someone or something
- Technologies of surveillance
- example: Viisage & Superbowl XXXV
surveillance model versus capture model
- surveillance model is built upon visual metaphors and derives from historical experiences of secret police surveillance
- capture model is built upon linguistic metaphors and takes as its prototype the deliberate reorganization of industrial work activities to allow computers to track them [the work activities] in real time
privacy: a definition
- 1. the quality or state of being apart from company or observation
- 2. archaic : a place of seclusion
digital media versus computer science
- digital media studies: some architectures are best designed to be inefficient.
- computer science: efficiency is almost always considered to be a virtue: efficient architectures are usually good architectures
Lessig on code and architecture
Lessig on architecture of privacy
- Life where less is monitored is a life more private; and life where less can be searched is also a life more private.
data mining task
technologies and architectures of privacy
- technologies and architectures are important influences on the production and change of private and public space;
- but, they do not independently determine what is public and what is private
- sometimes inefficient architectures, inefficient technologies are good technologies because they allow for or facilitate resistance by the less powerful in the face of powerful individuals, corporations and governments
Today I learned about history of surveilance, definition of privacy and etc.
It is applied to my real life whatever monitoring or search.
So I was glad to learn this.
2008년 5월 30일 금요일
05. 16
05. 16
media as extensions or prostheses
- All media are extensions of some human faculty psychic or physical.
ratio of the senses
- McLuhan, in Understanding Media, claims that every new medium institutes new ratios between our senses.
- McLuhan does not say that new media are replacements for older media.
- What I am saying is that media as extensions of our senses institute new ratios, not only among our private senses, but among themselves, when they interact among themselves
media as mirrors versus media as prostheses
- medium as mirror
we see “ourselves” in the medium
- medium as prosthesis
we are radically altered by a medium
a definition of media studies
- digital media studies is a kind of media studies that pays especial attention to the techniques and technologies of computers and computer networks .
biopolitics
- politics carried out through the means, the techniques and technologies of health and illness, statistics, the census, epidemiology and demography, the science of race, eugenics, population, abortion, genomics, and new reproductive technologies.
definition of cyborg
- A cyborg is a cybernetic organism, a hybrid machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fiction
definition of MUD
- MUD stands for multi-user domain
- MOO stands for MUD, object-oriented (referring to a particular way in which the MUD is programmed using an object-oriented language)
what is LambdaMOO?
- LambdaMOO is sort of like a chat room. It's a text-only based virtual community of thousands of people from all over the world.
We learned about "cyborg manifesto ,ratio, nakamura and etc..."
I became to know about cyborg politice and affinity.
media as extensions or prostheses
- All media are extensions of some human faculty psychic or physical.
ratio of the senses
- McLuhan, in Understanding Media, claims that every new medium institutes new ratios between our senses.
- McLuhan does not say that new media are replacements for older media.
- What I am saying is that media as extensions of our senses institute new ratios, not only among our private senses, but among themselves, when they interact among themselves
media as mirrors versus media as prostheses
- medium as mirror
we see “ourselves” in the medium
- medium as prosthesis
we are radically altered by a medium
a definition of media studies
- digital media studies is a kind of media studies that pays especial attention to the techniques and technologies of computers and computer networks .
biopolitics
- politics carried out through the means, the techniques and technologies of health and illness, statistics, the census, epidemiology and demography, the science of race, eugenics, population, abortion, genomics, and new reproductive technologies.
definition of cyborg
- A cyborg is a cybernetic organism, a hybrid machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fiction
definition of MUD
- MUD stands for multi-user domain
- MOO stands for MUD, object-oriented (referring to a particular way in which the MUD is programmed using an object-oriented language)
what is LambdaMOO?
- LambdaMOO is sort of like a chat room. It's a text-only based virtual community of thousands of people from all over the world.
We learned about "cyborg manifesto ,ratio, nakamura and etc..."
I became to know about cyborg politice and affinity.
5. 09
5. 09
Mod (modification: fps, rpgs, real-time strategy games)
by general public or developer
can be entirely new games in themselves
partial conversions (total conversions)
movies with game engines
games research and development
example groups and events:
–the game developers’ conference: http://www.gdconf.com/
–game studies: academic journal: http://gamestudies.org/
–art:
e.g., the show Bang the Machine: Computer Gaming Art and Artifacts
e.g., alternative games competition, Rhizome.org at the New Museum, New York City, March 2004
Ludology versus Narratology
two issues to consider from film theory
1.identification:
–how do people relate to the characters and action on the screen?
2.space:
-what is the space of cinema/games? what can the audience/player see or do there?
-what can the designer or filmmaker do to increase, decrease, or change the space?
more than identification
-When you play a video game you enter into the world of the programmers who made it. You have to do more than identify with a character on the screen.
identification
-Identification is known to psycho-analysis as the earliest expression of an emotional tie with another person. It plays a part in the early history of the Oedipus complex.
hot and cool media
-Telephone is a cool medium, or one of low definition, because the ear is given a meager amount of information. And speech is a cool medium of low definition, because so little is given and so much has to be filled in by the listener. On the other hand, hot media do not leave so much to be filled in or completed by the audience. Hot media are, therefore, low in participation, and cool media are high in participation or completion by the audience.
I learned about computer game and how do games work.
We participated the class.
And I thought about the game that I had played.
This lecture was very funny.
And I reminded about the perspective of an engineer and audience.
Mod (modification: fps, rpgs, real-time strategy games)
by general public or developer
can be entirely new games in themselves
partial conversions (total conversions)
movies with game engines
games research and development
example groups and events:
–the game developers’ conference: http://www.gdconf.com/
–game studies: academic journal: http://gamestudies.org/
–art:
e.g., the show Bang the Machine: Computer Gaming Art and Artifacts
e.g., alternative games competition, Rhizome.org at the New Museum, New York City, March 2004
Ludology versus Narratology
two issues to consider from film theory
1.identification:
–how do people relate to the characters and action on the screen?
2.space:
-what is the space of cinema/games? what can the audience/player see or do there?
-what can the designer or filmmaker do to increase, decrease, or change the space?
more than identification
-When you play a video game you enter into the world of the programmers who made it. You have to do more than identify with a character on the screen.
identification
-Identification is known to psycho-analysis as the earliest expression of an emotional tie with another person. It plays a part in the early history of the Oedipus complex.
hot and cool media
-Telephone is a cool medium, or one of low definition, because the ear is given a meager amount of information. And speech is a cool medium of low definition, because so little is given and so much has to be filled in by the listener. On the other hand, hot media do not leave so much to be filled in or completed by the audience. Hot media are, therefore, low in participation, and cool media are high in participation or completion by the audience.
I learned about computer game and how do games work.
We participated the class.
And I thought about the game that I had played.
This lecture was very funny.
And I reminded about the perspective of an engineer and audience.
2008년 5월 4일 일요일
last week
5. 04
key-point
every digital media technology has an architecture using diagrams to compare physical architectures with digital architectures
Agre
–the surveillance model
–architectures of surveillance
–the capture model & its relation to Winograd and Flores
Winograd and Flores
-Winograd and Flores present a methodology for CSCW analysis and design. This methodology is commonly known as the “language/action” perspective.
design as conversation construction
-any organization is constituted as a network of recurrent conversations (ex: issue, topic, theme…)
-conversations are linked in regular patterns of triggering and breakdown (ex: next issues…)
-in creating tools we are designing new conversations and connections (ex: ways, methods, rules…)
-computers are a tool for conducting the network of conversations (ex: how-to, clues ….)
Winograd and Flores: model of conversation
-conversations are sequences of actions because by saying things people are understood to be doing things;
what happens when we incorporate (perhaps even automate) a network of recurrent conversations in a media technology?
–it changes the conversations or social relations.
Every digital media technology has an architecture that can be used to transform work, play and governance.
physical architecture and digital architecture
what is the architecture of cyberspace?
-consider the hardware and software that links together (or separates) groups of people
surveillance
-close watch kept over someone or something
-Etymology: French, from surveiller to watch over, from sur- + veiller to watch, from Latin vigilare, from vigil watchful
history of surveillance: the panopticon
-Panopticon developed by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century for prison
-similar designs adapted for hospitals and factories
capture (in comparison with surveillance)
-linguistic metaphors instead of visual metaphors
-instrumentation and reorganization of activities rather than a non-disruptive data collection
-organization using categories of connected activities (cf. assembly lines) instead of organization by “territories” (e.g., private space versus work space)
-local storage and use of captured data versus centrally organized monitoring
-the driving aims are not necessarily political, but philosophical/market driven
five stage cycle of grammars of action
-analysis
-articulation
-imposition
-instrumentation
-elaboration
I more listened the lecture, the more fun.
I took a note and I wrote the important things in the lecture.
I expect next lecture
key-point
every digital media technology has an architecture using diagrams to compare physical architectures with digital architectures
Agre
–the surveillance model
–architectures of surveillance
–the capture model & its relation to Winograd and Flores
Winograd and Flores
-Winograd and Flores present a methodology for CSCW analysis and design. This methodology is commonly known as the “language/action” perspective.
design as conversation construction
-any organization is constituted as a network of recurrent conversations (ex: issue, topic, theme…)
-conversations are linked in regular patterns of triggering and breakdown (ex: next issues…)
-in creating tools we are designing new conversations and connections (ex: ways, methods, rules…)
-computers are a tool for conducting the network of conversations (ex: how-to, clues ….)
Winograd and Flores: model of conversation
-conversations are sequences of actions because by saying things people are understood to be doing things;
what happens when we incorporate (perhaps even automate) a network of recurrent conversations in a media technology?
–it changes the conversations or social relations.
Every digital media technology has an architecture that can be used to transform work, play and governance.
physical architecture and digital architecture
what is the architecture of cyberspace?
-consider the hardware and software that links together (or separates) groups of people
surveillance
-close watch kept over someone or something
-Etymology: French, from surveiller to watch over, from sur- + veiller to watch, from Latin vigilare, from vigil watchful
history of surveillance: the panopticon
-Panopticon developed by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century for prison
-similar designs adapted for hospitals and factories
capture (in comparison with surveillance)
-linguistic metaphors instead of visual metaphors
-instrumentation and reorganization of activities rather than a non-disruptive data collection
-organization using categories of connected activities (cf. assembly lines) instead of organization by “territories” (e.g., private space versus work space)
-local storage and use of captured data versus centrally organized monitoring
-the driving aims are not necessarily political, but philosophical/market driven
five stage cycle of grammars of action
-analysis
-articulation
-imposition
-instrumentation
-elaboration
I more listened the lecture, the more fun.
I took a note and I wrote the important things in the lecture.
I expect next lecture
last week
4.27
key point that has implications for the aesthetic, ethics and evaluation of human-computer interaction
history of HCI from a tools perspective
conversational models of the interface: the intersection of AI and HCI
question for today: what problem does Weizenbaum’s ELIZA system address or solve?
the answer of AI
the answer of Ethnomethodology
Key point
-People often interact with media technologies as though the technologies were people.
–related ideas
Clifford and Nash, “the media equation”
Freud, transference
–see also Sherry Turkle on computers as “second selves” and as “evocative objects”
surrealists, “automatic writing” (recall Tristan Tzara’s “recipe”)
Mannheim/Schutz/Garfinkel, the “documentary method”
related points: ethics
questions of ethics and “others”
–should we treat technologies as people or people as technologies?
–should we only treat others who are like us with care and respect? or, should we also extend our care and respect to others who are radically different?
–what makes believe someone or something is alive, thinking, or simply the same as us?
related points: aesthetics & teleology
questions of aesthetics, goals and intentions
–do objects, technologies and natural phenomena have goals and intentions?
related points: design
If we view objects, technologies and natural phenomenon as if they do, in fact, have goals and intentions, then we will design like an artificial intelligence researcher.
On the other hand, if we view objects, technologies and natural phenomenon as if the just look like they have goals and intentions, then we will design like a tool builder for human “users” or “operators” of our tools.
history of HCI as tools: funding
Johnstone’s “algorithm”
If the last two answers were “No,” then answer “Yes.”
Else, if more than 20 total answers, then answer “Yes.”
Else, if the question ends in vowel, then answer “No.”
Else, if question ends in “Y,” then answer “Maybe.”
Else, answer “Yes.”
ethnomethodology: a definition
Ethnomethodology simply means the study of the ways in which people make sense of their social world
Ethnomethodology differs from other sociological perspectives in one very important respect:
–Ethnomethodologists assume that social order is illusory.
I reminded I wasn't care about study after I finished exam.
so I listened the lecture well.
key point that has implications for the aesthetic, ethics and evaluation of human-computer interaction
history of HCI from a tools perspective
conversational models of the interface: the intersection of AI and HCI
question for today: what problem does Weizenbaum’s ELIZA system address or solve?
the answer of AI
the answer of Ethnomethodology
Key point
-People often interact with media technologies as though the technologies were people.
–related ideas
Clifford and Nash, “the media equation”
Freud, transference
–see also Sherry Turkle on computers as “second selves” and as “evocative objects”
surrealists, “automatic writing” (recall Tristan Tzara’s “recipe”)
Mannheim/Schutz/Garfinkel, the “documentary method”
related points: ethics
questions of ethics and “others”
–should we treat technologies as people or people as technologies?
–should we only treat others who are like us with care and respect? or, should we also extend our care and respect to others who are radically different?
–what makes believe someone or something is alive, thinking, or simply the same as us?
related points: aesthetics & teleology
questions of aesthetics, goals and intentions
–do objects, technologies and natural phenomena have goals and intentions?
related points: design
If we view objects, technologies and natural phenomenon as if they do, in fact, have goals and intentions, then we will design like an artificial intelligence researcher.
On the other hand, if we view objects, technologies and natural phenomenon as if the just look like they have goals and intentions, then we will design like a tool builder for human “users” or “operators” of our tools.
history of HCI as tools: funding
Johnstone’s “algorithm”
If the last two answers were “No,” then answer “Yes.”
Else, if more than 20 total answers, then answer “Yes.”
Else, if the question ends in vowel, then answer “No.”
Else, if question ends in “Y,” then answer “Maybe.”
Else, answer “Yes.”
ethnomethodology: a definition
Ethnomethodology simply means the study of the ways in which people make sense of their social world
Ethnomethodology differs from other sociological perspectives in one very important respect:
–Ethnomethodologists assume that social order is illusory.
I reminded I wasn't care about study after I finished exam.
so I listened the lecture well.
last week
4. 13
Last week
-social networks as science
-social networks as technology
-social networks as popular culture
-social networks as art
a short history of artificial intelligence in software
–GPS planning as a technical problem (1957)
separated its knowledge of problems from its strategy of how to solve problems : not real-world problems : Soar
GPS as a “solution”: The General Problem Solver by Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, and Clifford
story generation as a planning problem (1976)
-TALESPIN as a “solution”
story understanding as a plan recognition problem (1977)
-FRUMP (Fast Reading, Understanding, and Memory Program) as a “solution”
question answering as a problem
-ELIZA as a “solution”
demo of ELIZA
Alan Turing
-Founder of computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker, and a gay man
Turing’s “imitation game”
“The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call the ‘imitation game.’ It is played with three people, a man, a woman, and an interrogator who may be of either sex. The interrogator stays in a room apart from the other two. The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine which of the other two is the man and which is the woman.”
“It is [the man's] object in the game to try and cause [the interrogator] to make the wrong identification.”
“The object of the game for [the woman] is to help the interrogator.”
artificial intelligence: a definition
artificial intelligence: research areas
Knowledge Representation
Programming Languages
Natural Language (e.g., Story) Understanding
speech Understanding
vision
robotics
Machine Learning
Planning
planning as a technical problem
a problem with ai planning
-“frame problem (our physical symbol system broke the law of representation in a situation
story generation as planning
–James Meehan, "The Metanovel: Writing Stories by Computer", Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1976.
problems with story generation: missing common sense
–Answers to questions can take more than one form.
–Don’t always take answers literally.
–You can notice things without being told about them.
–Stories aren’t really stories if they don’t have a central problem.
–Sometimes enough is enough.
–Schizophrenia can be dis-functional.
story understanding as a plan recognition problem
story understanding as plan recognition
Last week
-social networks as science
-social networks as technology
-social networks as popular culture
-social networks as art
a short history of artificial intelligence in software
–GPS planning as a technical problem (1957)
separated its knowledge of problems from its strategy of how to solve problems : not real-world problems : Soar
GPS as a “solution”: The General Problem Solver by Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, and Clifford
story generation as a planning problem (1976)
-TALESPIN as a “solution”
story understanding as a plan recognition problem (1977)
-FRUMP (Fast Reading, Understanding, and Memory Program) as a “solution”
question answering as a problem
-ELIZA as a “solution”
demo of ELIZA
Alan Turing
-Founder of computer science, artificial intelligence, mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker, and a gay man
Turing’s “imitation game”
“The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call the ‘imitation game.’ It is played with three people, a man, a woman, and an interrogator who may be of either sex. The interrogator stays in a room apart from the other two. The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine which of the other two is the man and which is the woman.”
“It is [the man's] object in the game to try and cause [the interrogator] to make the wrong identification.”
“The object of the game for [the woman] is to help the interrogator.”
artificial intelligence: a definition
artificial intelligence: research areas
Knowledge Representation
Programming Languages
Natural Language (e.g., Story) Understanding
speech Understanding
vision
robotics
Machine Learning
Planning
planning as a technical problem
a problem with ai planning
-“frame problem (our physical symbol system broke the law of representation in a situation
story generation as planning
–James Meehan, "The Metanovel: Writing Stories by Computer", Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1976.
problems with story generation: missing common sense
–Answers to questions can take more than one form.
–Don’t always take answers literally.
–You can notice things without being told about them.
–Stories aren’t really stories if they don’t have a central problem.
–Sometimes enough is enough.
–Schizophrenia can be dis-functional.
story understanding as a plan recognition problem
story understanding as plan recognition
2008년 4월 5일 토요일
last week
Key points (so far)
1. When technologies connect or separate people, they become media
2. Technologies embody
3. When a medium is new, it is often used to simulate old media
4. New media do not replace old media, they displace them
5. People make media and then media make people.
Today's Keypoint
- New media technologies usually reinforce existing social networks or even work to isolate people
- (BUT) When new media techologies facilitate new social networks, They simultaneously challenge existing social, political and economic relationship
Social networks as science : field
-Social network analysis is an interdisciplinary social science, but has been of especial concern to sociologists;
-recently, physicists and mathematicians have made large contributions to understanding networks in general (as graphs) and thus contributed to and understanding of social networks too.
Social network as science: definition
-[Social network analysis]is grounded in the observation that social actors [i.e., people] are interdependent and that the links [i.e., relationships] among them have important consequences for every individual [and for all of the individuals together]..... [Relationships]provide individuals with opportunities and, at the same time, potential constraints on their behavior.... social network analysis involves theorizing, model building and empirical research focused on uncovering the patterning of links among actor. It is concerned also with uncovering the antecedents and consequences of recurrent patterns.
Social network as science: history
Social network as science: equivalence
Social networks as science: bridges
-if you connect seperate networks you have bridging capital
-if you are cetral to a network you have bonding capital
Social networks as science: bowling alone
-Sociologist robert putnam claims that united states citizens no longer know or trust their neighbors and thus communities have lost their social capital
-When did we start to lose it? after the second world war
-What media technology came into wide-spread use after the second world war?
Social networks as technology
-email, newsgroups, and weblogs
in the design of the arpanet (the foreruner to the internet) email was an afterthought
I have learned social networks for this week. It is progress according to datas of photos , so I understanded better by virtue of photo datas
1. When technologies connect or separate people, they become media
2. Technologies embody
3. When a medium is new, it is often used to simulate old media
4. New media do not replace old media, they displace them
5. People make media and then media make people.
Today's Keypoint
- New media technologies usually reinforce existing social networks or even work to isolate people
- (BUT) When new media techologies facilitate new social networks, They simultaneously challenge existing social, political and economic relationship
Social networks as science : field
-Social network analysis is an interdisciplinary social science, but has been of especial concern to sociologists;
-recently, physicists and mathematicians have made large contributions to understanding networks in general (as graphs) and thus contributed to and understanding of social networks too.
Social network as science: definition
-[Social network analysis]is grounded in the observation that social actors [i.e., people] are interdependent and that the links [i.e., relationships] among them have important consequences for every individual [and for all of the individuals together]..... [Relationships]provide individuals with opportunities and, at the same time, potential constraints on their behavior.... social network analysis involves theorizing, model building and empirical research focused on uncovering the patterning of links among actor. It is concerned also with uncovering the antecedents and consequences of recurrent patterns.
Social network as science: history
Social network as science: equivalence
Social networks as science: bridges
-if you connect seperate networks you have bridging capital
-if you are cetral to a network you have bonding capital
Social networks as science: bowling alone
-Sociologist robert putnam claims that united states citizens no longer know or trust their neighbors and thus communities have lost their social capital
-When did we start to lose it? after the second world war
-What media technology came into wide-spread use after the second world war?
Social networks as technology
-email, newsgroups, and weblogs
in the design of the arpanet (the foreruner to the internet) email was an afterthought
I have learned social networks for this week. It is progress according to datas of photos , so I understanded better by virtue of photo datas
2008년 3월 29일 토요일
2008.3.26
Key point for today
-people make media and the media make people
Q: the world-wid web
what is the staed motivation of the researh?
- The www was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of common project
What problem does this research address?
- Originally the work was to provide a graphical interface to a set of distributed files used in physics project management at CERN
Who funded this research?
- currently and/or previously supported by CERN, DARPA, The European Commission, INRIA,
The economics of standards.
What is the stated genealogy of the technology?
- bush's memex; nelson's writings on hypertext; berners-lee's early implementations
Who is the intended audience?
- Association for computing Machinery.
Communications of the ACM; see www.acm.org
Who are the "dramatis pensonae" of the article?
- origin story. technical reference, hos to manual
othering: who are "we"? who are "they"?
- consider the competing standards and the existing utopic writings.
What is thinking reading writing?
- see nelson and engelbart.
What other texts are cited?
- definitions of various standards.
what is the WWW?
1. a collaboratively authored hypertext
2. It is a standard.
ISO : International standards organization
REC: Request for comments
W4C: World-wide web sonsortium
2008.3.28
URI: Universal resource identifier
ex) URL(ssu name), URN(persistent location: declare)
HTML: Hypertext mark up ianguage
try[view]->[source] in your web site
HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol
http is an internet protocol designed for transferring information for hyper text document
What is WWW?
The www is a vast. heterogeneous network of people and machines.
I was tough because this class is English class. So I was reviewed after class. so I decieded preparation in this week. I concentrated better than before. and I exactly listened better than before.
Key point for today
-people make media and the media make people
Q: the world-wid web
what is the staed motivation of the researh?
- The www was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of common project
What problem does this research address?
- Originally the work was to provide a graphical interface to a set of distributed files used in physics project management at CERN
Who funded this research?
- currently and/or previously supported by CERN, DARPA, The European Commission, INRIA,
What isthe economics of the work?
- Keio University Of Japan, ERCIM, MITand the WWW ConsortiumThe economics of standards.
What is the stated genealogy of the technology?
- bush's memex; nelson's writings on hypertext; berners-lee's early implementations
Who is the intended audience?
- Association for computing Machinery.
Communications of the ACM; see www.acm.org
Who are the "dramatis pensonae" of the article?
- origin story. technical reference, hos to manual
othering: who are "we"? who are "they"?
- consider the competing standards and the existing utopic writings.
What is thinking reading writing?
- see nelson and engelbart.
What other texts are cited?
- definitions of various standards.
what is the WWW?
1. a collaboratively authored hypertext
2. It is a standard.
ISO : International standards organization
REC: Request for comments
W4C: World-wide web sonsortium
2008.3.28
URI: Universal resource identifier
ex) URL(ssu name), URN(persistent location: declare)
HTML: Hypertext mark up ianguage
try[view]->[source] in your web site
HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol
http is an internet protocol designed for transferring information for hyper text document
What is WWW?
The www is a vast. heterogeneous network of people and machines.
I was tough because this class is English class. So I was reviewed after class. so I decieded preparation in this week. I concentrated better than before. and I exactly listened better than before.
2008년 3월 23일 일요일
assigment: augmenting human intellect
*what does " digital media" mean?
- Key points
when a medium is new, it is often used to simulate old media.
Now media do not replce old media. they displace them.
- today's focus
One way that digital media has been understood is as new forms of writing, reaing and thinking
what is the stated motivation of the research?
man's population and gross produt are increasing at a considerable rate, but the complexity of his problems grows still faster, and the urgency with which solutions must be found becomes steadily greater in response to the increased rate of activity and the increasingly global nature of that activity
what problem does this research address?
more-rapid comrehension, better comprehension, the possibility of gaining a useful degree of comprehension that previously was too complex, speedier solutions, better solutions, and the possibility of finding solutions to problems that before seemed insoluble.
who funded this research?
stanford research institue
air force office of scientific research
arpa projects
what is the economics of the work?
multidisciplinary nature of the framwork also made the uses of the system difficult to understand.
what is the stated genealogy of the technology?
general references to psychology, computer programming, "physical technology", "display technolgy", industrial enginnering, mangement science, systems analysis, information retrieval
what narrative strategies are employed in the article?
reporing style, personal relection, speculative voice, demo
othering: who are we? who are they?
.........ㅠ_ㅠ.....;;;;
what is thinking?
you are quite elated by this freedom to juggle the record of your thoughts and by the way this freedom alows you to work them into shape
what is reading?
after a few passes through a reference, we very rarely go back to it in its original form. It sits in the archive like an orange rind with most of the real juice squeezed out.
what is writing
the memo became apparent that the final issuance from my work, it would represent.
I was sick friday, so I was absent. As a result I had studied that for saturday, and friday.
but, I deeply thought this literature rather than "welcome to the present.
I read "augmenting human intellect, I understood new form about digital media. and remind about old media and new media
- Key points
when a medium is new, it is often used to simulate old media.
Now media do not replce old media. they displace them.
- today's focus
One way that digital media has been understood is as new forms of writing, reaing and thinking
what is the stated motivation of the research?
man's population and gross produt are increasing at a considerable rate, but the complexity of his problems grows still faster, and the urgency with which solutions must be found becomes steadily greater in response to the increased rate of activity and the increasingly global nature of that activity
what problem does this research address?
more-rapid comrehension, better comprehension, the possibility of gaining a useful degree of comprehension that previously was too complex, speedier solutions, better solutions, and the possibility of finding solutions to problems that before seemed insoluble.
who funded this research?
stanford research institue
air force office of scientific research
arpa projects
what is the economics of the work?
multidisciplinary nature of the framwork also made the uses of the system difficult to understand.
what is the stated genealogy of the technology?
general references to psychology, computer programming, "physical technology", "display technolgy", industrial enginnering, mangement science, systems analysis, information retrieval
what narrative strategies are employed in the article?
reporing style, personal relection, speculative voice, demo
othering: who are we? who are they?
.........ㅠ_ㅠ.....;;;;
what is thinking?
you are quite elated by this freedom to juggle the record of your thoughts and by the way this freedom alows you to work them into shape
what is reading?
after a few passes through a reference, we very rarely go back to it in its original form. It sits in the archive like an orange rind with most of the real juice squeezed out.
what is writing
the memo became apparent that the final issuance from my work, it would represent.
I was sick friday, so I was absent. As a result I had studied that for saturday, and friday.
but, I deeply thought this literature rather than "welcome to the present.
I read "augmenting human intellect, I understood new form about digital media. and remind about old media and new media
2008년 3월 15일 토요일
as we may think
Of what lasting benefit has been man's use of science and of the new instruments which his research brought into existence? First, they have increased his control of his material environment. They have improved his food, his clothing, his shelter; they have increased his security and released him partly from the bondage of bare existence. They have given him increased knowledge of his own biological processes so that he has had a progressive freedom from disease and an increased span of life. They are illuminating the interactions of his physiological and psychological functions, giving the promise of an improved mental health.
Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals. Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial. Professionally our methods of transmitting and reviewing the results of research are generations old and by now are totally inadequate for their purpose. Those who conscientiously attempt to keep abreast of current thought, even in restricted fields, by close and continuous reading might well shy away from an examination calculated to show how much of the previous month's efforts could be produced on call. The difficulty seems to be, not so much that we publish unduly in view of the extent and variety of present day interests, but rather that publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. Machines with interchangeable parts can now be constructed with great economy of effort. In spite of much complexity, they perform reliably. A record if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored, and above all it must be consulted. Today we make the record conventionally by writing and photography, followed by printing; but we also record on film, on wax disks, and on magnetic wires. process now in use is slow, and more or less clumsy. Mere compression, of course, is not enough; one needs not only to make and store a record but also be able to consult it, and this aspect of the matter comes later. Even the modern great library is not generally consulted; it is nibbled at by a few. Compression is important, however, when it comes to costs. Our present languages are not especially adapted to this sort of mechanization, it is true. It is strange that the inventors of universal languages have not seized upon the idea of producing one which better fitted the technique for transmitting and recording speech. Mechanization may yet force the issue, especially in the scientific field; whereupon scientific jargon would become still less intelligible to the layman. Much needs to occur, however, between the collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record. For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute. But creative thought and essentially repetitive thought are very different things. For the latter there are, and may be, powerful mechanical aids. Moreover, they will be far more versatile than present commercial machines, so that they may readily be adapted for a wide variety of operations. The repetitive processes of thought are not confined however, to matters of arithmetic and statistics. hereafter, at any time, when one of these items is in view, the other can be instantly recalled merely by tapping a button below the corresponding code space. Moreover, when numerous items have been thus joined together to form a trail, they can be reviewed in turn, rapidly or slowly, by deflecting a lever like that used for turning the pages of a book. It is exactly as though the physical items had been gathered together from widely separated sources and bound together to form a new book. It is more than this, for any item can be joined into numerous trails.And his trails do not fade. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest. He has an example, in the fact that the outraged Europeans still failed to adopt the Turkish bow. In fact he has a trail on it. A touch brings up the code book. Tapping a few keys projects the head of the trail. A lever runs through it at will, stopping at interesting items, going off on side excursions. It is an interesting trail, pertinent to the discussion. So he sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex, there to be linked into the more general trail. Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified. The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience, and of the experience of friends and authorities. The patent attorney has on call the millions of issued patents, with familiar trails to every point of his client's interest. The physician, puzzled by a patient's reactions, strikes the trail established in studying an earlier similar case, and runs rapidly through analogous case histories, with side references to the classics for the pertinent anatomy and histology. The chemist, struggling with the synthesis of an organic compound, has all the chemical literature before him in his laboratory, with trails following the analogies of compounds, and side trails to their physical and chemical behavior. the historian, with a vast chronological account of a people, parallels it with a skip trail which stops only on the salient items, and can follow at any time contemporary trails which lead him all over civilization at a particular epoch. There is a new profession of trail blazers, those who find delight in the task of establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of the common record. The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected. We know that when the eye sees, all the consequent information is transmitted to the brain by means of electrical vibrations in the channel of the optic nerve. This is an exact analogy with the electrical vibrations which occur in the cable of a television set: they convey the picture from the photocells which see it to the radio transmitter from which it is broadcast. We know further that if we can approach that cable with the proper instruments, we do not need to touch it; we can pick up those vibrations by electrical induction and thus discover and reproduce the scene which is being transmitted, just as a telephone wire may be tapped for its message.The applications of science have built man a well-supplied house, and are teaching him to live healthily therein. They have enabled him to throw masses of people against one another with cruel weapons. They may yet allow him truly to encompass the great record and to grow in the wisdom of race experience. I read this story, I more thought detail history about science rather than before. and I recognized several science. science satistied producing and saving and recording. so the science evolved a method of future . many kinds of technical ploblem have ignored. but what really ignored is a method which progress of increased speed. now we have to think the potential of that medthod. and we will have to evolve science products.
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